APA Style Guide
APA - American Psychological Association
Social Sciences- APA Style Guide from Long Island University
- APA Writer's Handbook from University of Wisconsin-Madison
Citing References in Text
Sources are acknowledged by brief parenthetical citations including author's last name and the publication date (authors' names may be omitted if they appear in the text). For three to five authors, use all names the first time a source is cited and use first author, et al. for subsequent citations. For six or more authors, use first author, et al. for all citations:- In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method . . .
- Some researchers have recorded EEG activity while participants performed tasks (Doktor & Bloom, 1977) . . .
- Wasserstein, Zappulla, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock (1994) found . . .
- This procedure has been used to classify analytic persons in past research (Hymes, et al., 1977) . . .
- She stated, "The 'placebo effect' . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
Reference List Examples
References should be collected in an alphabetical list at the end of the paper.
Only include items cited in the paper.
Double-space all entries and between entries.
PRINT SOURCES
Journal Article
List up to six authors. For seven or more authors, list first six authors, et al.
Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen,
J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children
and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040-1049.
Dissertation
Ross, D. F. (1980). Unconscious transference and mistaken
identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar but
innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation,
Cornell University, 1990).
Book
List up to six authors. For seven or more authors, list first six authors, et al.
Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in
organizations: An introduction to organizational
behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Article or chapter - from a book
Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive
mechanism in human memory. In H.L. Roediger III &
F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory &
consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Encyclopedia Article
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new
encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol 26. pp. 501-508).
Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Government Document
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical
training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication
No. ADM90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs:
Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers
bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East
Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher
Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service
No. ED34682).
Technical and Research Reports
Mazzeo, J., Druesne, B., Raffeld, P. C., Checketts, K. T.,
& Muhlstein, A. (1991). Comparability of computer
and paper-and pencil scores for two CLEP general
examinations (College Board Rep. No. 91-5).
Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
Newspaper Article - no author
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart
failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
ELECTRONIC OR INTERNET RESOURCES
Electronic copy of a journal article
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos,
E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early
supervisory experience in supervisor performance.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449.
Retrieved October 23, 2000, from Academic Search
Premier.
Internet article based on a print source
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of
reference elements selection of resources by
psychology undergraduates [Electronic version].
Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
Online Periodical Format.
Document available on university program or department web site
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993).
Technology and education: New wine in new bottles:
Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures.
Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University,
Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/
newwine1.html
Electronic government document
U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February).
Telemedicine: Federal strategy is needed to guide
investments (Publication No. GAO/NSAID/HEHS-97-67).
Retrieved September 15, 2000, from General Accounting
Office Reports Online via GPO Access:
http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/
aces160.shtml?/gao/index.html
For other electronic sources refer to:
Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by the American Psychological Association http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
Examples taken / modified from:
Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). (2001). Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
