Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery

APA Style Guide

APA - American Psychological Association

Social Sciences

• APA Style Guide from Long Island University
• APA Writer's Handbook from University of Wisconsin-Madison

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Citing References in Text

Sources are acknowledged by brief parenthetical citations including author's last name and the publication date (authors' names may be omitted if they appear in the text). For three to five authors, use all names the first time a source is cited and use first author, et al. for subsequent citations. For six or more authors, use first author, et al. for all citations:

• In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method . . .
• Some researchers have recorded EEG activity while participants performed tasks (Doktor & Bloom, 1977) . . .
• Wasserstein, Zappulla, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock (1994) found . . .
• This procedure has been used to classify analytic persons in past research (Hymes, et al., 1977) . . .

Include page numbers for direct quotations:

• She stated, "The 'placebo effect' . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

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Reference List – Examples

References should be collected in an alphabetical list at the end of the paper.
Only include items cited in the paper.
Double-space all entries and between entries.

PRINT SOURCES

Journal Article
List up to six authors. For seven or more authors, list first six authors, et al.

Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen,

     J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children

     and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040-1049.

Dissertation

Ross, D. F. (1980). Unconscious transference and mistaken

     identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar but

     innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation,

     Cornell University, 1990).

Book
List up to six authors. For seven or more authors, list first six authors, et al.

Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in

     organizations: An introduction to organizational

     behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.

Article or chapter - from a book

Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive

     mechanism in human memory. In H.L. Roediger III &

     F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory &

     consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Encyclopedia Article

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new 

     encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol 26. pp. 501-508).

     Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Government Document

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical

     training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication

     No. ADM90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government

     Printing Office.

Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: 

     Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers

     bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East

     Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher

     Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service 
  
     No. ED34682).

Technical and Research Reports

Mazzeo, J., Druesne, B., Raffeld, P. C., Checketts, K. T.,

     & Muhlstein, A.  (1991). Comparability of computer

     and paper-and pencil scores for two CLEP general

     examinations (College Board Rep.  No. 91-5).

     Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Newspaper Article - no author

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart

     failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

ELECTRONIC OR INTERNET RESOURCES

Electronic copy of a journal article

Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos,

     E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early

     supervisory experience in supervisor performance.

     Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449.

     Retrieved October 23, 2000, from Academic Search

     Premier.

Internet article based on a print source

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of

     reference elements selection of resources by 

     psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. 

     Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

     Online Periodical Format.

Document available on university program or department web site

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993).

     Technology and education: New wine in new bottles:

     Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures.

     Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University,

     Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: 

     http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/

     newwine1.html

Electronic government document

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February).

     Telemedicine: Federal strategy is needed to guide

     investments (Publication No. GAO/NSAID/HEHS-97-67).

     Retrieved September 15, 2000, from General Accounting

     Office Reports Online via GPO Access:

     http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/

     aces160.shtml?/gao/index.html

For other electronic sources refer to:

Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by the American Psychological Association http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

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Examples taken / modified from:

Publication manual of the American Psychological
   
     Association (5th ed.). (2001). Washington, DC: 

     American Psychological Association.